प्रावस्था साम्य क्या है?

किसी तंत्र में ठोसों व द्रवों की प्रावस्थाओं की कोई भी संख्या हो सकती है परंतु उसमें गैसीय प्रावस्था केवल एक ही हो सकती है । उदाहरण के लिए दो अथवा दो से अधिक मिश्रणीय द्रवों का मिश्रण एकल प्रावस्था दर्शाता हैं । परन्तु इनमें से कोई एक या अधिक द्रव यदि वाष्पशील हों तो साम्य में उनके वाष्प भी एकल प्रावस्था दर्शाते हैं।

अवस्था नियम क्या है?

Explanation: यदि दो पदार्थ समान निम्न ताप और समान निम्न दाब पर हैं, तो उनके आयतन भी समान होंगे। सुसंगत अवस्था का नियम यह मानता है कि जब दो पदार्थ एक ही अवस्था में होते हैं, तो वे भी उसी अवस्था में एक साथ होते हैं। यह नियम विभिन्न द्रवों के भौतिक गुणों तथा रासायनिक संघटनों के बीच संबंध का अध्ययन करने में सहायक रहा है।

प्रावस्था नियम की सीमा क्या है?

किसी रासायनिक संतुलन तंत्र में स्वतंत्रता की कोटि को दर्शाने वाला नियम जिसके अनुसार स्वतंत्रता की कोटियों का मान घटकों व प्रावस्थाओं की संख्याओं के अंतर से दो अधिक होता है (F=C=P+2)। (P= प्रावस्था संख्या, C= घटक संख्या और F=स्वतंत्रता की कोटि)।

प्रावस्था और अवस्था में क्या अंतर है? - praavastha aur avastha mein kya antar hai?

Q: अवस्था और प्रावस्था में क्या अंतर है?

प्रावस्था, अवस्था की अपेक्षा अधिक व्यापक (general) कांसेप्ट है। एक उदाहरण से यह बात स्पष्ट हो जायेगी - किसी बर्तन में दो द्रव भरे हैं जो परस्पर अमिश्र हैं (जैसे पानी और तेल)। वर्तन में रखा पदार्थ द्रव अवस्था वाला है ; किन्तु उसमें दो प्रावस्थाएं हैं क्योंकि पानी का घनत्व एवं अन्य गुण तेल से भिन्न हैं।

इसे सुनेंरोकेंअंत्यावस्था II : यह अवस्था अर्धसूत्री विभाजन की अंतिम अवस्था है, जिसमें गुणसूत्रों के दो समूह पुनः केंद्रक आवरण द्वारा घिर जाते हैं। कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन के उपरांत चार अगुणित संतति कोशिकाओं का कोशिका चतुष्टय बन जाता है (चित्र 10.4)।

विषयसूची Show

कोशिका चक्र की सबसे लम्बी अवस्था कौन सी है?
स्तनधारियों की कोशिकाओं की औसत कोशिका चक्र अवधि कितनी होती?
प्रावस्था और अवस्था में अन्तर[संपादित करें]
[Block-1] Polity
Polity: Basics of Constitution
Polity: The Executive
Polity: Legislature & Elections
Polity: Separation of Powers
Polity: Federalism & Local governance
Polity: Bodies
[Block-2] Welfare Schemes & Policies for sectors, services
Welfare: Policies & Schemes
Welfare: Social Services: Health, Edu, HRD
Welfare: Sectoral Policies (Economy related)
[Block-3] Governance & groups
Governance: Accountability & E-Gov
अवस्था और प्रावस्था में क्या अंतर है?
प्रावस्था साम्य क्या है?
अवस्था नियम क्या है?
प्रावस्था नियम की सीमा क्या है?

अवस्था और प्रावस्था में क्या अंतर है?

इसे सुनेंरोकें’प्रावस्था’, ‘अवस्था’ की अपेक्षा अधिक व्यापक (general) कांसेप्ट है। एक उदाहरण से यह बात स्पष्ट हो जायेगी – किसी बर्तन में दो द्रव भरे हैं जो परस्पर अमिश्र हैं (जैसे पानी और तेल)। वर्तन में रखा पदार्थ ‘द्रव’ अवस्था वाला है ; किन्तु उसमें दो प्रावस्थाएं हैं क्योंकि पानी का घनत्व एवं अन्य गुण तेल से भिन्न हैं।

अंतर अवस्था की सबसे बड़ी प्रावस्था कौन सी है?

Step by step video & image solution for [object Object] by Biology experts to help you in doubts & scoring excellent marks in Class 11 exams….कोशिका-चक्र की कौन-सी प्रावस्था सबसे लंबी अवधि तक चलती है?

पढ़ना: चौमासा कितने दिन का होता है?

Questionकोशिका-चक्र की कौन-सी प्रावस्था सबसे लंबी अवधि तक चलती है?Chapter Nameकोशिका चक्र एवं कोशिका विभाजनSubjectBiology (more Questions)Class11th

कोशिका चक्र की सबसे लम्बी अवस्था कौन सी है?

……….. मिओसिस की सबसे लम्बी अवस्था है ।

Question……….. मिओसिस की सबसे लम्बी अवस्था है ।Chapter Nameकोशिका चक्र एवं कोशिका विभाजनSubjectBiology (more Questions)Class12thType of AnswerVideo & Image

कोषा चक्र का सही क्रम क्या है?

UPLOAD PHOTO AND GET THE ANSWER NOW!…कोशिका चक्र की उप-अवस्थाओं का सही क्रम होता है-

Questionकोशिका चक्र की उप-अवस्थाओं का सही क्रम होता है-SubjectBiology (more Questions)Class11thType of AnswerVideo & Image

कोशिका चक्र की प्रशांत अवस्था क्या है?

इसे सुनेंरोकेंAnswer. उत्तर: वे कोशिकाएँ जो आगे विभाजित नहीं होती हैं तथा निष्क्रिय अवस्था में पहुँचती हैं, जिसे कोशिका, चक्र की प्रशांत अवस्था (G0) कहा जाता है।

स्तनधारियों की कोशिकाओं की औसत कोशिका चक्र अवधि कितनी होती?

इसे सुनेंरोकें24 घण्टे के समय में मनुष्य की कोशिको अथवा स्तनधारियों की कोशिका में कोशिका विभाजन पूर्ण होने में केवल एक घण्टा लगता है।

पढ़ना: खगोल शास्त्रियों ने पृथ्वी के सौरमंडल के पास एक नए ग्रह की खोज की है उसको क्या नाम दिया गया है?

कोशिका चक्र के कौन सी प्रावस्था में DNA का द्विगुणन होता है?

इसे सुनेंरोकेंकोशिका चक्र की संश्लेषण प्रावस्था (S-phase) में सम्पूर्ण DNA का द्विगुणन (प्रतिकृतिकरण) होता है तथा हिस्टोन प्रोटीन का संश्लेषण होता है।

`G_(1)` - प्रावस्था , M - प्रावस्था व् `G_(2)` प्रावस्था M- प्रावस्था , S - प्रावस्था , विभजनशील प्रावस्था `G_(1)` - प्रावस्था , संश्लेषण प्रावस्था व् `G_(2)` - प्रावस्था M - प्रावस्था , `G_(2)` -प्रावस्था व् विभाजन प्रावस्था

Solution : अंतरावस्था वह प्रावस्था है , जिसमें कोशिका विभाजन के लिए तैयारी होती है। अंतरावस्था को तीन प्रावस्थाओं में विभाजित किया गया है
पश्च सूत्री अंतराल प्रावस्था कोशिकाएँ उपापचयी रूप से सक्रिय होती है।
संश्लेषण प्रावस्था (S-phase )-DNA व् तारककाय का प्रतिकृतिकरण ।
पूर्व -सूत्री अंतराल प्रावस्था -प्रोटीन का निर्माण होता है।

एक जार में रखा जल तथा तेल का मिश्रण 'द्रव' अवस्था में है किन्तु इसकी दो पूर्नतः भिन्न प्रास्थाएँ हैं।

भौतिक विज्ञानों में प्रावस्था (phase) से तात्पर्य किसी ऊष्मागतिकीय प्रणाली के उस प्रक्षेत्र से है जिसमें पदार्थ के सभी भौतिक गुण अपरिवर्तित रहते हैं। घनत्व, परावर्तन गुणांक, रासायनिक संरचना आदि भौतिक गुणों के अन्तर्गत आते हैं।

प्रावस्था और अवस्था में अन्तर[संपादित करें]

कभी-कभी 'पदार्थ की अवस्था' (state of matter) को भी 'पदार्थ की प्रावस्था' (phase) के समानार्थी की तरह प्रयोग कर दिया जाता है। दोनों में बहुत कुछ समानता है किन्तु दोनों एक नहीं हैं। 'प्रावस्था', 'अवस्था' की अपेक्षा अधिक व्यापक (general) कांसेप्ट है।

एक उदाहरण से यह बात स्पष्ट हो जायेगी - किसी बर्तन में दो द्रव भरे हैं जो परस्पर अमिश्र हैं (जैसे पानी और तेल)। वर्तन में रखा पदार्थ 'द्रव' अवस्था वाला है ; किन्तु उसमें दो प्रावस्थाएं हैं क्योंकि पानी का घनत्व एवं अन्य गुण तेल से भिन्न हैं।

In 2013, UPSC changed the syllabus-pattern of Mains examination and the number of general studies (GS) papers were increased from two to four. Out of them, GS Paper-2 deals with Polity, Governance, Welfare and International-Relations (IR).

CategoryGSM220132014201520162017201820192020PolityBasic Str.1012.537.512.51510150PolityComparing00000151010PolityExecutive1025000000PolityLegislature & Elections1012.5012.540203035PolityPower Sep.1012.512.512.510152015PolityFed-Local3012.52537.510301540PolityBodies2025252515252515WelfareWelfare &
Protection2025001010150WelfarePoverty &
Hunger10012.5025301030WelfareEdu,Health,HDI20252537.510101025WelfareEco.Reform012.5012.51510300GovernanceAccountability & E-Gov200252510251020GovernanceNGO,Pressure,IAS202537.5254001010IRNeighbours5012.52512.510000IRNon-Neighbours
& Diaspora10012.512.530254025IRInst., Group,
Agreements105012.52510251025

[Block-1] Polity

Watch my FREE Lecture video, I’ve given detailed analysis, model answers & common mistakes of the Polity section of GSM2-2019 Paper, & roadmap/strategy for Mains-2020. Please go through it. Overall scene is:
Keep habit of solving the previous years questions e.g. Secularism debate & France; Role of individual parliamentarians on decline.
(Free download) NCERT 11-12 Sociology and Political Science textbooks. Do not worry about its complex theories and thinkers just read it as story book,
M. Laxmikanth’s Indian Polity book. (हिन्दी मे भी उपलब्ध)
M.Karthikeyan’s Governance in India by Pearson Publication.
(Free download) Yojana and Kurukshetra magazines for Local Bodies, related topics
PRSIndia.org website for bills and amendments. National Newspaper columns for current affairs development.
If you observe topic wise mains question papers of Political Science and law optional subjects =While you may gain some important questions for GSM2, but watch your cost:benefit in terms of time and mental effort.
Similarly, selective reading of IGNOU Political Science and Public Administration modules may help but cost:benefit needs to be kept in mind.

Polity: Basics of Constitution

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Historical underpinnings & evolution; Features, amendments, significant provisions, basic structure; Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries’

(COMPARING Constitution) The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (हाल के समय में भारत और यु. के. की न्यायिक व्यवस्थाएं अभिसरणीय एवं अपसरणीय होती प्रतीत हो रही है l दोनों राष्ट्रों की न्यायिक कार्यप्रणालियों के आलोक में अभिसरण तथा अपसरण के मुख्या बिंदुओं को आलोकित कीजिए l)2020“Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power.” In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? (“संविधान का संशोधन करने की संसद की शक्ति एक परिसीमित शक्ति है और इसे आत्यंतिक शक्ति के रूप में विस्तृत नहीं किया जा सकता है |” इस कथन के आलोक में व्याख्या कीजिए की क्या संसद संविधान के अनुछेद 368 के अंतर्गत अपनी संशोधन की शक्ति का विशदीकरण करके संविधान के मूल ढांचे को नष्ट कर सकती है ?) (15m 250 words)2019(COMPARING Constitution) What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism?(धर्मनिरपेक्षता को भारत के संविधान के उपागम से फ्रांस क्या सिख सकता है ? )(10m 150 words)2019(COMPARING Constitution) India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenants on which the two political systems are based.2018Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force?2018Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.2017Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances?2016Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.2015Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative, executive and the judiciary to set the things right in this regard.2015Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in this regard.2015What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.2014Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution.2013

Polity: The Executive

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

Executive (structure, organization, functioning);
Ministries and Departments (of Union and State govts.)

Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse.2014The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a government then is inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss.2014

Polity: Legislature & Elections

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

Union and State Legislatures (structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges; issues therein);
Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (‘एकदा स्पीकर, सदैव स्पीकर’! क्या आपके विचार अध्यक्ष पद की निष्पक्षता के लिए इस कार्यप्रणाली को स्वीकारना चाहिए? भारत में संसदीय प्रयोजन की सुदृढ़ कार्यशैली के लिए इसके क्या परिणाम हो सकते हैं?)2020“There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act”. Comment. (“लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम के अंतर्गत भ्रष्ट आचरण के दोषी व्यक्तिओं को आयोग ठहराने की प्रक्रिया के सरलीकरण की आवश्यकता है” l टिप्पणी कीजिए l)2020Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. (विगत कुछ दशकों में राज्य सभा एक ‘उपयोगहीन स्टैपनी टायर’ से सर्वाधिक उपयोगी सहायक अंग में रूपांतरित हुआ है l उन कारकों तथा कसेहतरों को आलोकित कीजिए जहाँ यह रूपांतरण दृष्टिगत हो सकता है l)2020Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (राष्ट्रीय विधि निर्माता के रूप में अकेले एक संसद-सदस्य की भूमिका अवनति की और है, जिसके फलस्वरूप वादविवादों की गुणता और उनके परिणामों पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पड़ भी चूका है | चर्चा कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)2019On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of People Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification. (किन आधारों पर किसी लोक प्रतिनिधि को, लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 के अधीन निरर्हित किया जा सकता है ? उन उपचारों का भी उल्लेख कीजिए जो ऐसे निरर्हित व्यक्ति को अपनी निरर्हिता के विरुद्ध उपलब्ध हैं | ) (15m 250 words)2019Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role or the Estimates Committee.2018In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?2018‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.2017To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful?2017The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof.2017The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss.2016The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can this problem be addressed?2014The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?2013

Polity: Separation of Powers

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

Separation of Powers (between different organs, dispute redressal mechanisms, institutions);
Judiciary (structure, organisation functioning)

Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (न्यायिक विधायन, बहरतीय संविधान में परिकल्पित शक्ति पृथक्करण सिद्धांत का प्रतिपक्षी है l इस संदर्भ में कार्यपालक अधिकरणों को दिशा-निर्देश देने की प्रार्थना करने सम्बन्धी, बड़ी संख्या में दायर होने वाली, लोक हित याचिकाओं का न्याय औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिये l)2020Do you think that constitution of India does not accept principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. (क्या आपके विचार में भारत का संविधान शक्तियों के कठोर पृथक्करण के सिध्दान्त को स्वीकार नहीं करता है, बल्कि यह ‘नियंत्रण एवं संतुलन’ के सिध्दान्त पर आधारित है ? व्याख्या कीजिए | ) (10m 150 words)2019From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain. (न्यायालयों के द्वारा विधायी शक्तियों के वितरण से सम्बंधित मुद्दों को सुलझाने से, ‘परिसंघीय सर्वोच्चता का सिध्दान्त’ और ‘समरस अर्थान्वयन’ उभर कर आए हैं | स्पष्ट कीजिए | ) (10m 150 words)2019Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine.2018Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.2017What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution?2016Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?2015Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy.2014The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically.2013

Polity: Federalism & Local governance

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States; issues and challenges of federal structure;
Devolution of powers and finances to local levels; challenges therein.

How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (आपके विचार में सहयोग, स्पर्धा एवं संगर्ष ने किस प्रकार से भारत में महासंघ को किस सीमा तक आकर दिया है? अपने उत्तर को प्रमाणित करने के लिए कुछ हालिया उद्धत कीजिए l)2020Indian Constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts. (राष्ट्र की एकता और अखण्डता बनाये रखने के लिये भारतीय संविधान केन्द्रीयकरण करने की प्रवृति प्रदर्शित करता है l महामारी अधिनियम, 1897; आपदा प्रबंधन अधिनियम, 2005 तथा हाल में पारित किये गए कृषि क्षेत्र के अधिनियमों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में सुस्पष्ट कीजिए l)2020The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (‘भारत में स्थानीय निकायों की सुदृढ़ता एवं संपोषिता ‘प्रकार्य, कार्यकर्ता व कोष’ की अपनी रचनात्मक प्रावस्था से ‘ प्रकार्यात्मकता’ की समकालिक अवस्था की ओर स्थानान्तरित हुई है l हाल के समय में प्रकार्यात्मकता की दृष्टी से स्थानीय निकायों द्वारा सामना की जा रही अहम् चुनौतियों को आलोकित कीजिए l)2020“The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self- government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. (“स्थानीय स्वशासन की संस्थाओं में महिलाओं के लिए सीटों के आरक्षण का भारत के राजनितिक पराक्रम के पितृतंत्रात्मक अभिलक्षण पर एक सिमित प्रभाव पड़ा है |” टिपण्णी कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)2019How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss.2018Assess the importance of Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects.2018“The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation.2017Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics?2016To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity.2016Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss.2016The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings.2015In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, `Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss.2015Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss.2014Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the `Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.2013Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and Talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that more number of smaller States would bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss.2013Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss.2013

Polity: Bodies

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies (powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies

Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons. (एक आयोग के सांविधानिकीकरण के लिए कौन-कौन से चरण आवश्यक हैं? क्या आपके विचार में राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग का सांविधानिकता प्रदान करना भारत में लैंगिक न्याय एवं सशक्तिकरण और अधिक सुनिश्चित करेगा? कारन बताइए l)2020“The Central Administration Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority.” Explain. (केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक अधिकरण जिसकी स्थापना केन्द्रीय सरकार के कर्मचारियों द्वारा या उनके विरुद्ध शिकायतों एवं परिवादों के निवारण हेतु की गई थी, आजकल एक स्वतंत्र न्यायिक प्राधिकरण के रूप में अपनी शक्तियों का प्रयोग कर रहा है |” व्याख्या कीजिए | ) (10m 150 words)2019“The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss. (“महान्यायवादी भारत की सरकार का मुख्या विधि सलहाकार और वकील होता है |” चर्चा कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)2019“The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise.2018How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.2018Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.2017Exercise of CAC’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Government’s Policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction.2016What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples.2016What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss.2015“For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous.” Discuss in the light of the experiences in recent past.2015National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards.2014The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators.2014Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances.2013The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify.2013

[Block-2] Welfare Schemes & Policies for sectors, services

?‍?Watch my FREE Lecture video, I’ve given detailed analysis, model answers & common mistakes of the Welfare and Social Justice section of GSM2-2019 Paper, & roadmap/strategy for Mains-2020. Overall scene is:
In 2019’s exam, all 5 Qs either in medium to tough category. None directly from a single source (except IGNOU MA Multi level planning).
So, you’ve to build the content by yourself from Newspaper columns, Past economic surveys, Yojana- Kurukshetra magazines.
If time left, IGNOU MA Public Administration selective study of following modules:
? MPA-016: Local Governance;
? MPA-011 State, Society and Public Administration.

Welfare: Policies & Schemes

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Welfare Schemes (centre, states; performance, mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for protection of vulnerable sections);

“The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on income alone”. In this context analyse the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index Report. (“केवल आय पर आधारित गरीबी के निर्धारण में गरीबी का आपतन और तीव्रता अधिक महत्वपूर्ण है” l इस सन्दर्भ में संयुक्त राष्ट्र बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक की नवीनतम रिपोर्ट का विश्लेषण कीजिए l )2020“Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (“सूक्ष्म-वित्त एक गरीबी-रोधी टिका है जो भारत में ग्रामीण दरिद्र की परिसंपत्ति निर्माण और आयसुरक्षा के लिए लक्षित है” l स्वयं सहायता समूहों की भूमिका का मूल्यांकन ग्रामीण भारत में महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण के साथ साथ उपरोक्त दोहरे उद्देश्यों के लिए कीजिए l )2020There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to spend more on Non- Food essential items squeezing their food – budget.- Elucidate. (भारत में निर्धनता और भूख के बीच संबंध में एक बढ़ता हुआ अंतर है | सरकार द्वारा सामाजिक व्यय को संकुचित किए जाना, निर्धनों को अपने खाद्य बजट को निचोड़ते हुए खाद्येतर अत्यावश्यक मुद्दों पर अधिक व्यय करने के लिए मजबूर कर रहा है | स्पष्ट कीजिए | ) (10m 150 words)2019‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost effective and remove many implementation blockages.’-Discuss. (‘विकास योजना के नव-उदारी प्रतिमान के संदर्भ में, आशा की जाती है की बहु-स्तरी योजनाकरण संक्रियाओं को लागत प्रभावी बना देगा और अनेक क्रियान्वयन रुकावटों को हटा देगा |’ चर्चा कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)2019The need for cooperation among various service sector has been an inherent component of development discourse. Partnership bridges bring the gap among the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of ‘Collaboration’ and ‘team spirit’. In the light of statements above examine India’s Development process. (विभिन्न सेवा क्षेत्रकों के बीच सहयोग की आवश्यकता विकास प्रवचन का एक अन्तर्निहिति घटक रहा है | साझेदारी क्षेत्रकों के बीच पल बनती है | यह ‘सहयोग’ और ‘टीम भावना’ की संस्कृति को भी गति प्रदान कर देती है | उपरोक्त कथनों के प्रकाश में भारत के विकास प्रक्रम का परिक्षण कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)2019Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process – Discuss. (सुभेद्य वर्गों के लिए क्रियान्वित की जाने वाली कल्याण योजनाओं का निष्पादन उनके बारे में जागरूकता के न होने और निति प्रक्रम की सभी अवस्थाओं पर उनके सक्रिय तौर पर सम्मिलित न होने के कारन प्रभावी नहीं होता है | – चर्चा कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)2019Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSCJ) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine.2018Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections or the society leads to problems or overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case.2018Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss2017Two parallel run schemes of the Government viz. the Adhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth.2014Do government’s schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economics?2014The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment.2013Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms. Comment.2013

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Poverty and hunger issues

How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack or availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India?2018Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for improvement.2017‘Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and unless they are backed by political will’. Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India.2017Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate reduction in poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with reference to urban and rural poverty indicators.2015The Central Government frequently complains on the poor performance of the State Governments in eradicating suffering of the vulnerable sections of the society. Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes across the sectors for ameliorating the cause of vulnerable sections of population aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically evaluate.2013

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Social Sector & Social Services (health, education, human resources – issues in development, management);

In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (सामजिक विकास की संभावनाओं को बढ़ने के क्रम में, विशेषकर जराचिकित्सा एवं मातृ स्वास्थ्य देखभाल के क्षेत्र में सुदृढ़ और पर्याप्त स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सम्बन्धी नीतियों की आवश्यकता है l विवेचन कीजिए l)2020National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा निति 2020 धारणीय विकास लक्ष्य-4 (२०3०) के साथ अनुरूपता में है l उसका ध्येय भारत में शिक्षा प्रणाली की पुनःसंरचना और पुनःस्थापना है l इस कथन का समालोचनात्मक निरिक्षण कीजिए l )2020Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. (उच्च संवृद्धि के लगातार अनुभव के बावजूद, भारत के मानव विकास के निम्नतम संकेतक चल रहे हैं | उन मुद्दों का परिक्षण कीजिए, जो संतुलित और समावेशी विकास को पकड़ में आने नहीं दे रहे हैं | )(10m 150 words)2019Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All ‘ in India. Explain.2018‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme.2017Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation.2016“Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?2016Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status and performance?2016The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical education in the country? Discuss.2015Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest?2015An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph and nation’s glory; victors are showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of state sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement.2014Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status, allowed more academic independence in designing courses and also decide mode/criteria of selection of students. Discuss in light of the growing challenges.2014The concept of Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success.2013Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health. Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.2013

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Government Policies & Interventions for development of various sectors (issues in their design, implementation)

“Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate ‘protection and prevention of degradation’ to environment.” ” Comment with relevant illustration.2018Explain the salient features of the constitution(One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for common national market for goods and services’?2017Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can the government do to be responsive to this important change?2016Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non-news media like a trade publication and general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.2014

[Block-3] Governance & groups

?‍?Watch my FREE Lecture video, I’ve given detailed analysis, model answers & common mistakes of the Governance section of GSM2-2019 Paper, & roadmap/strategy for Mains-2020. Overall scene is:
? While readymade guidebooks are available for the mains paper 2 i.e. M.Karthikeyan’s Governance in India by Pearson Publication. But the nature of questions is that it requires better quality of points and logical connectives.
You have to read IGNOU material in a selective manner. Viz.
- MPA-016: Local Governance;
- MPS-003 material book1 and 2.
For e-governance: my Youtube lecture series.
Economic Survey, Yojana, Kurukshetra, Newspaper Columns.

Governance: Accountability & E-Gov

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Important International institutions, agencies, for a (structure, mandate); Bilateral, Regional, Global groupings & Agreements (involving and/or affecting India)

अवस्था और प्रावस्था में क्या अंतर है?

'प्रावस्था', 'अवस्था' की अपेक्षा अधिक व्यापक (general) कांसेप्ट है। एक उदाहरण से यह बात स्पष्ट हो जायेगी - किसी बर्तन में दो द्रव भरे हैं जो परस्पर अमिश्र हैं (जैसे पानी और तेल)। वर्तन में रखा पदार्थ 'द्रव' अवस्था वाला है ; किन्तु उसमें दो प्रावस्थाएं हैं क्योंकि पानी का घनत्व एवं अन्य गुण तेल से भिन्न हैं।

प्रावस्था साम्य क्या है?

किसी तंत्र में ठोसों व द्रवों की प्रावस्थाओं की कोई भी संख्या हो सकती है परंतु उसमें गैसीय प्रावस्था केवल एक ही हो सकती है । उदाहरण के लिए दो अथवा दो से अधिक मिश्रणीय द्रवों का मिश्रण एकल प्रावस्था दर्शाता हैं । परन्तु इनमें से कोई एक या अधिक द्रव यदि वाष्पशील हों तो साम्य में उनके वाष्प भी एकल प्रावस्था दर्शाते हैं।

अवस्था नियम क्या है?

Explanation: "यदि दो पदार्थ समान निम्न ताप और समान निम्न दाब पर हैं, तो उनके आयतन भी समान होंगे।" सुसंगत अवस्था का नियम यह मानता है कि जब दो पदार्थ एक ही अवस्था में होते हैं, तो वे भी उसी अवस्था में एक साथ होते हैं। यह नियम विभिन्न द्रवों के भौतिक गुणों तथा रासायनिक संघटनों के बीच संबंध का अध्ययन करने में सहायक रहा है।

प्रावस्था नियम की सीमा क्या है?

किसी रासायनिक संतुलन तंत्र में स्वतंत्रता की कोटि को दर्शाने वाला नियम जिसके अनुसार स्वतंत्रता की कोटियों का मान घटकों व प्रावस्थाओं की संख्याओं के अंतर से दो अधिक होता है (F=C=P+2)। (P= प्रावस्था संख्या, C= घटक संख्या और F=स्वतंत्रता की कोटि)।